After studying a lunar sample brought back by the Chang'e-5 mission, a group of Chinese scientists has proposed a continuous early crust development process on the moon, as opposed to the classical two-stage moon crust development model.

The classical magma ocean model suggests that the first stage involves the flotation and aggregation of plagioclase during the cooling of the magma ocean, forming the primitive lunar crust, while the second stage includes the overturn and melting of the mantle, the formation of magnesian-suite rocks, and the reformation of the lunar crust.

Previous studies on lunar anorthosite, a type of rock mainly composed of plagioclase, and magnesian-suite rocks indicated that they were formed almost simultaneously, suggesting that the two stages — the formation and reformation of the lunar crust — may be a continuous process. However, the specific mechanism remains enigmatic.

A group of scientists, led by Wang Shuijiong from the China University of Geosciences in Beijing, conducted a joint study and discovered a melt body resembling magnesian-suite rocks in an anorthosite fragment from the Chang'e-5 lunar regolith.

The study, which was recently published in the journal Communications Earth & Environment, provides direct evidence that lunar anorthosite and the parent magma of the magnesian-suite rocks formed simultaneously.

Geochemical and thermodynamic simulation calculations for this melt body reveal that its parent magma was sourced from the lunar upper mantle, indicating that the formation of the lunar crust is a continuous process, according to the study.

The researchers proposed that during the cooling process of the lunar magma ocean, its gravitational instabilities triggered a small-scale, in-situ overturn in the upper mantle, followed by a large-scale mantle overturn and decompression melting of the lower mantle.

According to the study, the lunar upper mantle melting induced by in-situ overturn played an important role in linking the lunar primitive crust building and secondary crust reformation.

The Chang'e-5 probe, which returned to Earth on December 17, 2020, retrieved 1,731 grams of lunar samples, consisting primarily of rocks and soil from the lunar surface.