Extreme weather punishes coffee farms and threatens to push prices even higher

Silvio Almeida's coffee plantation sits at an ideal altitude on a Brazilian hillside, whose clay-rich soil does well at retaining moisture from rainfall and a nearby reservoir.

Lately, though, water is scarce on Almeida's modest farm in Caconde, a town in one of Sao Paulo state's key growing regions. He can't get his coffee to grow the way it should.

In Brazil, the world's largest coffee producer, Almeida and other farmers have started grappling with the nation's worst drought in more than seven decades and above-average temperatures. Almeida expected to harvest 120 sacks of coffee beans this harvest season but instead managed just 100.

"Given the conditions here, the 2025 crop is already affected," he said, pointing to a part of his plantation where flower buds died before blooming. "I won't say it's doomed, because with God anything is possible. But based on the situation, it's already compromised."

Brazil's harvest season that ends this month was virtually flat from last year, and exports surged, but the ongoing drought is already complicating the start of the 2025/2026 season, according to a report on Monday by the Center for Advanced Studies on Applied Economics at the University of Sao Paulo's agribusiness school.

At the same time, Vietnam, the world's second-biggest coffee producer, is experiencing heat and drought, affecting its crops. Potential supply shortages in both countries have started driving up global coffee prices, according to the report.

The market is closely monitoring how Brazilian coffee plants endure these adverse climate conditions, which can cause flowers to stop blooming, fail to turn into cherries or produce lower-quality beans, said Felippe Serigati, who coordinates the master's program in agribusiness at the Getulio Vargas Foundation, a university in Sao Paulo.

"It could result in a smaller coffee harvest," Serigati said. "Since the market tends to anticipate these movements, we've already seen the price of arabica coffee in New York and robusta (coffee) in Europe trading at higher levels."

Coffee prices haven't reached the record highs the world saw in the late 1970s after a severe frost wiped out 70 percent of Brazil's coffee plants. However, they have been soaring in recent years.

In August, the International Coffee Organization's Composite Indicator Price, which combines the price of several types of green coffee beans, averaged $2.38 per pound, up nearly 55 percent from the same month a year ago.

In part, prices are rising because of higher demand, particularly in Asia. But the weather is also driving increases. Drought, frost and fire have damaged as much as one-fifth of Arabica coffee producers' growing areas in Brazil, said Billy Roberts, a senior economist for food and beverage at Colorado-based CoBank.

"It's not looking like it will get that much better in the near term. They will need consistent rainfall to recover," he said.

Uncontrolled, man-made wildfires across Brazil have lately been ravaging protected areas and farms. One of them ripped through Caconde last week.

Almeida, who is also a math teacher at a local public school, helped calculate the damage for a regional association. So far, he estimates the blazes affected 519 hectares (1,282 acres). Half was native Atlantic Forest, 30 percent pasture and 15 percent coffee plantations.

On Almeida's own land, 2,000 of his 15,000 plants were torched. His neighbor, Joao Rodrigues Martins, lost everything.

Martins, 71, had 2,500 coffee plants on a small plot, now completely blackened by soot. The coffee he sells to a local cooperative is his livelihood and also pays for his son's medical treatment.

For smallholders, seeing years of cultivation reduced to ash is tough to reckon with. Last week, Martins ran through fire to save his bee boxes. Today, he is finding the strength to continue forward.

"Faith is a boat that helps us navigate life," he said.

(Cover: Coffee producer Joao Rodrigues Martins holds a handful of damaged coffee beans during an inspection of his plantation consumed by wildfires in a rural area of Caconde, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, September 18, 2024. /CFP)