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Water Ox Year Documents: A key symbol of Qing governance in Xizang

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In 1793, the Qing central government enacted the 29-Article Ordinance for Better Governance of Xizang. This ordinance outlined provisions for personnel, administration, finance, military affairs, and foreign relations concerning Xizang. After the ordinance was promulgated, the local government of Xizang translated the ordinance and related documents into Tibetan, issuing them as the most important legal texts of the time throughout Xizang. Since this occurred in the Year of the Water Ox on the Tibetan calendar, the documents became known as the Water Ox Year Documents.

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