China reports over one million new cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) annually, with incidence rising among those under 45. Recent clinical data also indicate a clear trend toward younger onset. AMI, commonly known as a heart attack, results from acute and sustained coronary ischemia, leading to myocardial necrosis and posing a serious threat to life. 

To raise public awareness of AMI and promote standardized emergency care, China has designated November 20 as its annual Heart Attack Treatment Day. 

High-risk groups vulnerable to AMI include patients with coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia (high levels of fats or lipids), as well as individuals with obesity and those with unhealthy lifestyles, such as smokers.

Symptoms and early warning signs                       

According to Dr Wang Yupeng, a cardiology expert at Peking University Third Hospital, typical symptoms of AMI include persistent chest pain lasting 15-20 minutes or more, shortness of breath, excessive sweating due to severe pain, and radiating pain to the left arm and other upper body areas. Atypical symptoms may include back pain, upper abdominal pain, or a toothache.

Seasonal risks

Winter is a season of high AMI incidence. Research shows that each one-degree centigrade drop in temperature increases AMI risk by 2 percent. Between November and January, cold weather can cause blood vessels to constrict and raise blood pressure, which might heighten the risk of coronary blockage. Experts recommend that people stay emotionally stable, avoid binge eating, and limit exposure to excessive cold for extended periods. Those with chronic conditions should seek urgent medical care if chest pain accompanied by shortness of breath or sweating persists for over 30 minutes.

Emergency response

When a suspected AMI occurs, experts recommend calling emergency services immediately. It is crucial to provide precise location information, and the patient should remain lying flat. If available, place one nitroglycerin (NTG) tablet under the tongue and administer the appropriate dose of aspirin. If the patient loses consciousness, bystanders should start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately and use an automated external defibrillator (AED).

China's efforts on AMI treatment

China has accelerated the installation of AEDs in public areas as part of the Healthy China Initiative (2019–2030). Meanwhile, a nationwide chest pain center network has been created to offer standardized treatment protocols and fast-track channels for AMI patients, helping them receive care within the critical 120-minute golden window.

Currently, China has over 5,600 registered chest pain centers, and the average treatment time for AMI has decreased from 115 minutes in 2012 to 75 minutes in 2020. More than 7,400 township-level chest pain treatment units have also been established, providing comprehensive and timely emergency care to rural populations.