Surface air temperatures across the Arctic from October 2024 through September 2025 were the warmest on record since 1900, according to an annual report released Tuesday by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Autumn 2024 and winter 2025 were particularly warm across the Arctic, ranking as the hottest and second hottest on record, respectively, according to the Arctic Report Card.

This year's report highlights a region warming much faster than the rest of the planet, documenting major changes underway. These include atlantification, which is bringing warmer and saltier waters northward; the northward spread of boreal species into Arctic ecosystems; and "rivers rusting," as thawing permafrost mobilizes iron and other metals, according to NOAA.

The report indicated that the past 10 years have been the warmest on record in the Arctic. Since 2006, Arctic annual temperatures have increased at more than twice the rate of global temperature rises.

Precipitation across the Arctic from October 2024 to September 2025 also reached a record high. Seasonal precipitation totals for winter, spring, and autumn ranked among the five highest since 1950.

In March 2025, Arctic winter sea ice hit its lowest annual maximum extent in the 47-year satellite record, the report said.

Recent observations also show significant glacier and ice loss across the Arctic, Greenland, and Alaska, reflecting both regional extremes and long-term declines.

According to NOAA, ongoing glacier loss contributes to steadily rising global sea levels, threatening water supplies in Arctic communities, increasing the risk of destructive flooding, and heightening hazards like landslides and tsunamis that endanger people, infrastructure, and coastlines.