Joint US and Israeli airstrikes have targeted key Iranian nuclear sites on March 28, including a heavy water research reactor in Khondab and a yellowcake production facility in Yazd. Separate strikes also hit cement and steel plants across Iran, causing civilian casualties and widespread damage to residential and commercial buildings amid the one-month-long conflict.

The White House is awaiting Iran's formal response to a 15-point ceasefire proposal passed through intermediaries, with US officials planning potential talks in Pakistan this weekend. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said the military operation is expected to end in weeks, while Israel announced it will intensify strikes on more targets. Meanwhile, Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps has enforced a ban on shipping from hostile countries in the Strait of Hormuz. The UN has set up a special task force to secure humanitarian and agricultural cargo routes amid growing global supply concerns.