Humanitarian pressures are spreading across the Middle East as the war involving Iran intensifies. Displaced and vulnerable populations are facing growing hardship. According to Salvador Gutierrez, representative of the International Organization of Migration (IOM ) in Iran, large numbers of undocumented migrants remain excluded from essential public services, with women, children and the elderly particularly at risk. The IOM is working with Iranian authorities to track population movements, assess needs, and deliver emergency assistance on the ground. Moreover, as fighting escalates, there are increasing concerns that strikes could extend to civilian infrastructure – targets protected under the Geneva Conventions – further worsening the crisis.