For any nation, core technologies in key fields are never resources that can be easily obtained. These technologies reflect its national will, serve its strategic needs and shape its overall development. When only a handful of countries master these capabilities, how do the rest move forward? Starting from scratch – with no established path and no shortcuts – many find this barrier insurmountable.

In 2018, Science and Technology Daily listed 35 key technologies as the main "bottleneck" technologies, highlighting the challenges China faced, ranging from underwater connectors to LiDAR. Each one marked a critical constraint on development. Yet within just a few years, China has achieved fundamental breakthroughs in 32 of these 35 areas. How did China make it happen? Watch this episode of The Art of Governance to find out.