45 UNESCO intangible cultural heritage listings tell China's story

In December 2025, Hezhen Yimakan storytelling was moved to a higher category of UNESCO safeguarding, marking another milestone in China's efforts to protect its intangible cultural heritage. With this update, the number of UNESCO-listed forms of Chinese intangible cultural heritage reached 45, the most in the world. 

These heritage traditions cover a wide range of fields and offer a window into China's long history and cultural diversity.

China's presence on UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage lists began in 2001 with the recognition of Kunqu Opera. In the following years, traditions such as guqin music, the Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang and the Mongolian long song were also added to UNESCO's heritage lists. Together, they reflect the richness and diversity of traditional Chinese culture.

Many UNESCO-listed traditions showcase distinctive Chinese aesthetics. Chinese calligraphy, seal engraving and paper-cutting all turn everyday materials into artistic expression. Through brushstrokes, carved seals and intricate paper designs, these traditions have passed down a unique sense of beauty for generations.

Traditional craftsmanship is another important part of China's intangible heritage. Timber-frame architectural techniques, Nanjing Yunjin brocade weaving, sericulture and silk craftsmanship, and the firing technology of Longquan celadon all demonstrate a blend of practicality and artistry.

Festivals and folk customs remain deeply rooted in people's daily lives. The Spring Festival and the Dragon Boat Festival continue to bring families and communities together. Maritime traditions such as the Mazu belief and customs and the Wangkang ceremony have spread beyond their places of origin and gained recognition across different regions and cultures.

China's intangible cultural heritage also reflects the traditions of its 56 ethnic groups. Nanyin, the Grand Song of the Dong ethnic group, Tibetan Opera and Regong Arts each have their own distinctive character. Together, they highlight the cultural diversity that has shaped Chinese civilization over centuries.

Other aspects of cultural heritage preserve traditional knowledge and ways of thinking. Acupuncture and moxibustion, Taijiquan and Chinese Zhusuan, the traditional abacus calculation system, continue to influence modern life while carrying forward ancient wisdom.

At the same time, some traditions face challenges in transmission. Wooden movable-type printing, the watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks and Meshrep have been placed on UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, underscoring the importance of continued protection and support.