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Japan's pacifist constitution came into force in 1947. Article 9 stipulates that "Japan forever renounces war" and bans "the maintenance of land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential".
Nearly 80 years later, Japan is advancing full‑scale remilitarization amid its hype over so-called "external threats". Japanese scholar Atsushi Koketsu warned that these developments are eroding Japan’s postwar peace commitments.