In Russia, two new laws have been passed to increase the regulation of the Internet. One is designed to stop the spread of "fake news" online, while the other makes it a crime to "disrespect" the state in Internet posts. Lawmakers said the new legislation is needed because of the increasing importance of online spaces in public life. However, opponents argue that it could restrict free speech. 

Both new pieces of legislation passed through parliament in just weeks, before being signed into law by President Vladimir Putin. 

The fake news law gives authorities the right to delete and block internet posts and to issue fines to those found to be deliberately spreading misinformation. 

The other law could mean a fine or even jail for anyone found guilty of posting material online that demonstrates disrespect against authorities or officials, including the president. 

Both bills were brought forward by Senator Andrey Klishas. 

He explained, "If you look at those laws together they will deliver one simple thing. In Russia, the Internet is a big industry, and its significance is only growing. It's a big part of the economy, and a part of our political and public life; It's where we receive education and even do our shopping. Our right to live in this virtual space has to be protected."

However, opponents argue that the laws tighten state control of the Internet and online spaces where many people discuss politics. 

Independent polls suggest almost two-thirds of Russians believe these laws are intended to prevent criticism of the authorities.

And one campaigner has lodged an appeal with the Supreme Court against the law that makes it a crime to disrespect the state online. 

Former member of parliament Dmitry Gudkov said it could be used to increase censorship. 

Dmitry Gudkov said: "I am against this law because it violates our constitutional rights, the freedom of speech and the freedom of critics. I am against censorship; this law puts censorship on the Internet and doesn't allow any people to criticize politicians in Russia."

The politician behind both laws, Senator Andrey Klishas, said they won't be misused.

Andrey Klishas said: "There is no sign of censorship. We simply suggested that the same rules that exist for any public space should be spread to include virtual spaces, so online discussions are held based on the same rules as when you talk to people in person."

One of the new laws has already been used, after graffiti crudely insulting the president appeared on the columns of a local police station in Yaroslavl, a city north of Moscow. 

The state body Roskomnadzor asked several news websites to take down factual reports about the graffiti, citing the new law. One site said it had been blocked for hours.